Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals

Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals

Victoria pet-friendly sightseeing

But it doesn't stop there. Once you've soaked in the floral splendor, step out to explore the vibrant Inner Harbour. They're not only well-versed in the past but also keen observers of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's evolving landscape, offering you a glimpse into both the city's heritage and its future directions.

Victoria tour packages

  1. Victoria sightseeing on a budget
  2. Victoria boat tours
  3. Victoria multi-day tours
  4. Victoria coastline tours
  5. Off-the-beaten-path Victoria tours
  6. Victoria cherry blossom tours
  7. Victoria bike tours
  8. Victoria sightseeing with kids
  9. North Victoria sightseeing tours
  10. Victoria road trips
  11. Victoria history tours
  12. Victoria kayaking tours
  13. Victoria snorkeling tours
  14. Victoria art tours
  15. Victoria photography tours
Learn more about Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals here It's not uncommon to overhear others expressing their awe, with many returning visitors saying the gardens offer something new with each visit. Often, the most captivating secrets of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals unveil themselves through its lesser-known alleyways and hidden gems, waiting for you to discover them.
These experiences offer a glimpse into the city's soul, seen through the lens of those who call it home. Unpredictable weather or a sudden change of heart? As you roam its lavish rooms, you'll feel the weight of history in the air, a reminder of the city's gilded age. Victoria photography tours As you delve deeper into the city's architectural landscape, don't miss the chance to visit The Empress Hotel. Lean more about Explore Butchart Gardens with Victoria’s Best Tour Company here.
As you wander through, you'll notice the gardens aren't just about plants.

Victoria art tours

  • Victoria waterfront tours
  • Victoria scuba diving tours
  • Victoria paddleboarding tours
  • Victoria night tours
  • Budget-friendly Victoria sightseeing
  • Romantic tours in Victoria
  • Craigdarroch Castle tours
  • West Victoria sightseeing tours
  • Victoria guided tours
  • Victoria helicopter tours
  • Victoria harbor tours
  • Victoria luxury tours
  • Family-friendly tours in Victoria
  • Victoria hiking tours
  • Victoria hot air balloon rides
  • Best places to visit in Victoria
  • Victoria travel tips
  • Victoria summer sightseeing
  • Victoria suburbs sightseeing
Solo travelers aren't left out either, with options for more in-depth exploration of niche interests. You'll leave with a deep appreciation for nature's artistry, a testament to the care and dedication poured into preserving this magical place. Join us on this journey through time, where Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's past isn't just remembered, but vividly brought to life.
As you explore what makes their tours different, you'll discover how they've managed to uncover hidden gems and offer adventures that promise more than just a glance at the well-trodden paths. You'll learn not just about the food, but the stories behind the ingredients and the people who prepare them. You'll meet local artisans crafting their works as they've done for generations, taste the unique flavors of regional cuisine at hidden gems that only locals know about, and even participate in traditional activities that give you a firsthand understanding of the local way of life. Beyond the bustling markets and vibrant cultural scenes, Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals offers an array of nature and wildlife adventures that'll immerse you in the breathtaking beauty of the natural world.

Here, you're not just an observer; you're part of a select group experiencing the night sky like never before. That's what you get with Star Sightseeing. You won't just observe; you'll participate. Accessibility is another cornerstone of their guest services. Let's make your next trip to Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals truly memorable. Victoria kayaking tours
Star Sightseeing ensures you're wrapped in the warmest of winter experiences, making every moment memorable. After submitting your form, you'll receive an email confirmation with all the details of your tour, including the time and meeting point. There's a unique blend of enchantment and insight waiting for you, but the true depth of what makes these tours a must-do this travel season is something you'll want to uncover for yourself. While immersing yourself in Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's rich cultural tapestry, you'll also discover that the exceptional guest services offered by guided tours enhance your experience, making every moment unforgettable.
Whether you're a history buff, nature lover, or culture enthusiast, your guide's expertise will enrich your personalized tour, making it not just a journey through Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals but a journey into what truly captivates you. Star Sightseeing has carefully designed these tours to ensure minimal impact on the environment. Read more about Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals here After exploring the iconic highlights of Butchart Gardens, it's time to focus on the ever-changing canvas of seasonal blooms that adorn this magnificent landscape. It's here, in these quiet corners of the world, that you can truly connect with the earth and rediscover the peace that comes from simply being.
It's here you'll find heritage homes that whisper tales of the city's early settlers.

Things to do in Victoria

  1. Victoria zipline tours
  2. Victoria cultural experience tours
  3. Victoria festival experience tours
  4. Victoria walking tours
  5. Victoria adventure tours
  6. Victoria waterfront tours
  7. Victoria scuba diving tours
  8. Victoria paddleboarding tours
  9. Victoria night tours
  10. Budget-friendly Victoria sightseeing
  11. Romantic tours in Victoria
  12. Craigdarroch Castle tours
  13. West Victoria sightseeing tours
  14. Victoria guided tours
  15. Victoria helicopter tours
  16. Victoria harbor tours
  17. Victoria luxury tours
  18. Family-friendly tours in Victoria
These tours are designed to unveil the layers of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals, allowing you to engage with the city on a deeper, more intimate level. Don't miss a stroll through the cobblestone streets of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's oldest neighborhood, James Bay. This grand Edwardian establishment has been hosting royalty and travelers alike since 1908, offering a glimpse into the opulence of a bygone era.



Victoria tour packages

  1. Victoria scenic drives
  2. Victoria city tours
  3. Victoria eco tours
  4. Victoria Chinatown tours
  5. Victoria sightseeing on a budget
  6. Victoria boat tours
  7. Victoria multi-day tours
  8. Victoria coastline tours
  9. Off-the-beaten-path Victoria tours
  10. Victoria cherry blossom tours
  11. Victoria bike tours
  12. Victoria sightseeing with kids
  13. North Victoria sightseeing tours
  14. Victoria road trips
  15. Victoria history tours
  16. Victoria seaplane tours
  17. Victoria botanical garden tours
  18. Old Town Victoria tours
  19. Best sightseeing in Victoria

Victoria Sightseeing And Travel

Victoria is the southernmost major city in Western Canada and is about 100 km (62 mi) southwest from British Columbia's largest city of Vancouver on the mainland. The city is about 100 km (62 mi) from Seattle by airplane, seaplane, ferry, or the Victoria Clipper passenger-only ferry, and 40 km (25 mi) from Port Angeles, Washington, by ferry Coho across the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

Citations and other links

Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Sightseeing Deals

You've likely heard tales of its enchanting landscapes, vibrant city life, and the seamless blend of natural beauty with historic architecture. You'll also be privy to areas of the gardens that are typically off-limits to the general public.

Victoria seaplane tours

  1. West Victoria sightseeing tours
  2. Victoria guided tours
  3. Victoria helicopter tours
  4. Victoria harbor tours
  5. Victoria luxury tours
  6. Family-friendly tours in Victoria
  7. Victoria hiking tours
  8. Victoria hot air balloon rides
  9. Best places to visit in Victoria
  10. Victoria travel tips
  11. Victoria summer sightseeing
  12. Victoria suburbs sightseeing
  13. Victoria scenic drives
  14. Victoria city tours
  15. Victoria eco tours
  16. Victoria Chinatown tours
Each guide's unique perspective and expertise add layers to your adventure, making your tour an unforgettable tapestry of experiences. It's not just a walk; it's an immersion into a world that's remained untouched for millennia.

Remember, Star Sightseeing offers various tour packages that include Butchart Gardens, so consider bundling your experiences for a more comprehensive exploration of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals. With Star Sightseeing, you're not just visiting; you're stepping back in time. Best viewpoints in Victoria This magical time makes the colors pop and casts long, dramatic shadows, adding depth to your shots. Victoria botanical garden tours

Star Sightseeing's expert-guided tours don't just stop at historical landmarks and cultural hotspots; they're your gateway to the heart-pounding excitement nestled in Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's diverse landscapes. This bespoke approach ensures that your visit to Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals isn't just a trip but a personal adventure tailored just for you. Diving deeper into Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's essence, you'll embark on a cultural immersion experience that connects you intimately with the local traditions and lifestyles.

As you embark on this journey, you'll be enveloped in the lush tapestry of floral wonders that change with the seasons, each visit promising a unique spectacle. Each itinerary is thoughtfully crafted to ensure you're not just looking at stars but truly experiencing the wonder of the universe. Old Town Victoria tours Whether you're marveling at the Sunken Garden or strolling through the Italian Garden, they'll provide context that brings the vibrant history and meticulous design of Butchart Gardens to life.

Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Sightseeing Deals
Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Neighborhood Tour

Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Neighborhood Tour

Whether you're a nature lover, a history buff, or someone seeking culinary adventures, Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals doesn't disappoint. The Japanese Garden offers a tranquil retreat with its traditional elements of water, stone, and meticulously pruned plants, providing a peaceful contrast to the riotous colors found elsewhere in the gardens. Star Sightseeing has just announced a series of unforgettable tours designed to captivate both tourists and locals alike, offering you a golden ticket to explore historic landmarks, uncover natural wonders, dive into rich cultural experiences, and savor unique culinary delights. Don't miss the chance to snap a photo against the backdrop of these magnificent structures, especially when they're lit up at night, offering a view you won't forget. You'll learn about the ecological significance of these wonders and the efforts to preserve them.

As you've undoubtedly noticed, Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's allure has escalated, captivating a global audience eager for its unique blend of cultural, natural, and architectural marvels. That's why they've become experts at customizing tours that align perfectly with your desires. With Star Sightseeing, you're not just booking a tour; you're indulging in a premium experience that's as extraordinary as the sights you're set to see. Through guided sightseeing tours, you're invited not just to see but to engage, learn, and be transformed by the myriad cultures that call Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals home.

The gardens are home to thousands of plant species, meticulously curated to ensure something's always in bloom. Amidst its urban landscape, Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals boasts an array of stunning gardens, inviting you to immerse in their vibrant colors and serene beauty. Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's history is alive with captivating stories waiting for you to discover them. Best sightseeing in Victoria With expert guides ready to unveil the secrets of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's most cherished sites, you're on the brink of discovering a world where every detail is designed to enchant and inspire.

First up, there's the Great Ocean Road, where the sea stretches out like a vast, unending canvas. Imagine diving into the heart of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals without the worry of missing out or the hassle of planning. You'll receive an immediate email confirmation with all the details of your booking, including the meeting point, what to bring, and how to prepare for the day.

Best sightseeing in Victoria

  • Things to do in Victoria
  • Victoria wine tours
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  • Indigenous cultural tours Victoria
  • Victoria zipline tours
  • Victoria cultural experience tours
  • Victoria festival experience tours
  • Victoria walking tours
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  • Victoria waterfront tours
  • Victoria scuba diving tours
  • Victoria paddleboarding tours
  • Victoria night tours
  • Budget-friendly Victoria sightseeing
  • Romantic tours in Victoria
  • Craigdarroch Castle tours
Lastly, the 'Culinary Capitals' tour is a foodie's dream, offering a taste of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's vibrant food scene.

Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Whale Watching Tour Packages

Many mention the seamless booking experience, the comfort of the transportation, and the knowledge and friendliness of the guides. 'It was an all-around fantastic day,' someone remarks. Victoria pet-friendly sightseeing 'From the moment we booked to the wave goodbye, we felt taken care of.'These testimonials underscore the promise of a memorable tour, making the decision to book with Star Sightseeing a no-brainer for anyone yearning for a magical Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals sightseeing experience. Moreover, they tailor their commentary to your interests, making every tour feel personal and relevant. Plus, with small group sizes, you're ensured a personal and intimate exploration of the gardens. We balance popular attractions with off-the-beaten-path experiences, giving you a taste of both worlds. As you wander through these lush spaces, you'll quickly discover why Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals is often dubbed the 'City of Gardens.' Each garden has its unique charm, offering a peaceful retreat from the bustling city life.

Imagine savoring a meal where every bite encapsulates the essence of the region's soil and sea, connecting you to the land in the most delicious way possible. You'll also find yourself meandering through historic alleyways that tell tales of yesteryear, guided by stories that resonate with the heartbeat of the city. Have you ever wondered if a travel experience can truly capture the essence of a place while offering something entirely unique? Imagine standing at the edge of rugged coastlines, where the ocean meets the sky in a dance of blues so vibrant they seem almost surreal.

From the iconic British Columbia Parliament Buildings, with their majestic neo-baroque facades, to the historic Craigdarroch Castle, each site tells a unique story of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's rich cultural heritage. After exploring the architectural marvels of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals, it's time to enhance your journey by booking a tailored sightseeing tour. A rushed tour won't do justice to the beauty and tranquility of Butchart Gardens. Now, as part of Star Sightseeing's Signature Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Tours, you're invited to step into this living piece of history, experiencing the charm and legacy of Butchart Gardens firsthand.

You're given a chance to connect with Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals on a level that resonates with your personal interests, making your visit truly unforgettable. Exploring Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals with Star Sightseeing's tours is like flipping through the pages of a well-crafted novel; each chapter reveals new surprises and delights that keep you hooked. Exploring Butchart Gardens isn't just a walk; it's an experience that captivates your senses, leaving you with a profound appreciation for the artistry and effort that goes into maintaining this world-renowned botanical treasure. These tours don't just stick to a rigid itinerary; they adapt to what you want to see and do.

Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Whale Watching Tour Packages
Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Sightseeing Sightseeing Options
Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Sightseeing Sightseeing Options

The result? Autumn introduces a palette of fiery hues, perfect for those who love crisp air and pumpkin patches. Star Sightseeing understands that it's your experience, and they're there to make it unforgettable. Moreover, flexibility is a cornerstone of their service. For a taste of local culture, the Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals Public Market at the Hudson is a must-visit for fresh produce, artisanal foods, and unique crafts.

Plush seating ensures you're in the lap of luxury as you traverse to and from Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's stunning attractions, including the famed Butchart Gardens. Victoria snorkeling tours For those seeking thrills, Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's landscape is a playground ripe with adventure at every turn. Moreover, we update our itineraries regularly to include new discoveries and ensure every adventure is as unique as you are. Why settle for a typical tourist experience when you can immerse yourself in the extraordinary?

Best sightseeing in Victoria

  • Victoria harbor tours
  • Victoria luxury tours
  • Family-friendly tours in Victoria
  • Victoria hiking tours
  • Victoria hot air balloon rides
  • Best places to visit in Victoria
  • Victoria travel tips
  • Victoria summer sightseeing
  • Victoria suburbs sightseeing
  • Victoria scenic drives
  • Victoria city tours
  • Victoria eco tours
  • Victoria Chinatown tours
  • Victoria sightseeing on a budget
  • Victoria boat tours


If there's a specific spot you've heard about or a hidden gem you're curious to explore, they're ready to tailor your tour to include these requests. You're not tied to rigid schedules. With Star Sightseeing's expert-guided tours, you're not just seeing the sights; you're embarking on an unforgettable journey into the heart of nature's marvels. You're not merely observing; you're connecting with the heart and soul of Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals.

You'll wander through bustling markets, where the air is thick with the scent of street food and the sounds of live music. Don't miss the Italian Garden, housed in what was once a tennis court, showcasing formal beds, elegant statues, and a picturesque fountain. In light of this, Star Sightseeing has meticulously curated a selection of new tours and enhanced existing ones to not only meet but exceed your expectations. Plan your visit around the blooming seasons to see the gardens at their most vibrant.

Victoria botanical garden tours

  • Victoria hiking tours
  • Victoria hot air balloon rides
  • Best places to visit in Victoria
  • Victoria travel tips
  • Victoria summer sightseeing
  • Victoria suburbs sightseeing
  • Victoria scenic drives
  • Victoria city tours
  • Victoria eco tours
  • Victoria Chinatown tours
  • Victoria sightseeing on a budget
  • Victoria boat tours
  • Victoria multi-day tours
  • Victoria coastline tours
  • Off-the-beaten-path Victoria tours
  • Victoria cherry blossom tours


Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals City Adventure

In spring, you're greeted by the vibrant bloom of cherry blossoms and tulips, painting the city in shades of pink, red, and yellow. You're not just going on any tour; you're embarking on an exclusive journey that marries the thrill of adventure with the pampering of luxury travel. Victoria art tours Personal guides are at your beck and call, ready to share fascinating insights about the constellations and celestial events you're witnessing. You'll meet artisans in their studios, where the air is thick with creativity, and their hands are busy weaving, painting, or sculpting stories into tangible forms. You'll venture beyond the typical tourist spots, uncovering hidden cafes, secret gardens, and breathtaking viewpoints that only a few know about.
As autumn approaches, the crisp air and the changing leaves offer a new perspective. Star Sightseeing doesn't just show you places; it immerses you in experiences. Each corner tells a story, and with our expert guides, you'll uncover the layers of history that many visitors simply walk past without a second glance. You'll gain unparalleled access to some of the most exclusive observatories and secluded stargazing spots, previously only known to a select few enthusiasts.
As you explore Butchart Gardens with Star Sightseeing, you'll discover iconic highlights that make this place truly unforgettable. You'll witness the rugged cliffs facing the pounding waves, a testament to nature's enduring strength and beauty. Victoria seaplane tours Whether it's the changing seasons that bring a fresh perspective or the discovery of a previously unnoticed detail, Butchart Gardens ensures your experience is both memorable and unique. It's an invitation to breathe deeply, slow down, and appreciate the artistry of nature.
Here, you'll sample artisan cheeses, handcrafted chocolates, and an array of international dishes that highlight Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals's multicultural tapestry. It's all possible. Not just any tourist can wander into these hidden gems. The knowledgeable guides bring history to life, ensuring you'll leave with a profound connection to the city's past, understanding how it's woven into the fabric of today's vibrant community.

Explore Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals here
Victoria Sightseeing And Travel Deals City Adventure

 

Early tour bus in Salt Lake City, 1909
A colourful tour bus at Kuranda, Queensland, Australia
Tourists taking photos from a ParisCityVision open-topped tour bus in Paris.
Salvador Bahia Bus in Santo Antonio da Barra Lighthouse, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
The Needles "Breezer", Isle of Wight, England

A tour bus service is an escorted tour (sometimes a package holiday) or bus service that takes visitors sightseeing, with routes around tourist attractions.

Information

[edit]

Double-decker buses and open top buses are commonly used, for providing a good view. Large coaches are used internationally by tour operators, intercity bus lines and charters, for short and long distance destinations. These buses are larger than regular transit buses, with 2 to 4 axles (6 to 10 wheels).

The history of tour buses in North America began in the early 20th century, when trucks were converted to provide a means for sightseeing within large American cities.[1] Gray Line, the largest sightseeing operators, began operations in 1910.[2] Sightseeing was likely a side business for many intercity bus operators because the same types of buses were used (this remains true even today). World War II saw the industry decline, but it slowly re-emerged as an alternative to driving.[1]

Many musicians, entertainers, dancing crews and bands travel in sleeper buses, commonly referred to as "tour buses". While most if not all of the buses and coaches listed above are for commercial applications, there are many coaches manufactured for personal use as motorhomes. These bus based motorhomes are considered the top end of the RV market.

Common features

[edit]
  • Padded fabric or leather front-facing seats, often reclining.
  • Foot and arm rests.
  • TV monitors connected to DVD player or VCR to provide entertainment or possibly analog TV or DTV for local news or programs (possibly in seats with viewer choosing what station).
  • Basic lavatory – riders may be discouraged from using it except in an emergency,[3][failed verification] but some newer buses feature full service lavatories[4]
  • Cool water dispenser, refrigerator, hot water urn.
  • Wheelchair lift or ramp and "kneeling suspension" for easier access (especially for the elderly and infirm).
  • Tinted windows (and/or curtains or blinds).
  • Luggage compartment (or bins) below in the underbelly of the bus, with overhead hand-luggage racks.

Tour coach manufacturers

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Driven John Mack Kept on Truckin', Helping Build Modern America". Investors.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  2. ^ Risko, Karin (2018). A History Lover's Guide to Detroit. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-3567-2.
  3. ^ "Bus Toilets / Toilets of the World". toilet-guru.com. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  4. ^ "New Prevost features to be showc". Prevost-stuff.com. December 22, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2011.

 

 

Early tour bus in Salt Lake City, 1909
A colourful tour bus at Kuranda, Queensland, Australia
Tourists taking photos from a ParisCityVision open-topped tour bus in Paris.
Salvador Bahia Bus in Santo Antonio da Barra Lighthouse, in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
The Needles "Breezer", Isle of Wight, England

A tour bus service is an escorted tour (sometimes a package holiday) or bus service that takes visitors sightseeing, with routes around tourist attractions.

Information

[edit]

Double-decker buses and open top buses are commonly used, for providing a good view. Large coaches are used internationally by tour operators, intercity bus lines and charters, for short and long distance destinations. These buses are larger than regular transit buses, with 2 to 4 axles (6 to 10 wheels).

The history of tour buses in North America began in the early 20th century, when trucks were converted to provide a means for sightseeing within large American cities.[1] Gray Line, the largest sightseeing operators, began operations in 1910.[2] Sightseeing was likely a side business for many intercity bus operators because the same types of buses were used (this remains true even today). World War II saw the industry decline, but it slowly re-emerged as an alternative to driving.[1]

Many musicians, entertainers, dancing crews and bands travel in sleeper buses, commonly referred to as "tour buses". While most if not all of the buses and coaches listed above are for commercial applications, there are many coaches manufactured for personal use as motorhomes. These bus based motorhomes are considered the top end of the RV market.

Common features

[edit]
  • Padded fabric or leather front-facing seats, often reclining.
  • Foot and arm rests.
  • TV monitors connected to DVD player or VCR to provide entertainment or possibly analog TV or DTV for local news or programs (possibly in seats with viewer choosing what station).
  • Basic lavatory – riders may be discouraged from using it except in an emergency,[3][failed verification] but some newer buses feature full service lavatories[4]
  • Cool water dispenser, refrigerator, hot water urn.
  • Wheelchair lift or ramp and "kneeling suspension" for easier access (especially for the elderly and infirm).
  • Tinted windows (and/or curtains or blinds).
  • Luggage compartment (or bins) below in the underbelly of the bus, with overhead hand-luggage racks.

Tour coach manufacturers

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Driven John Mack Kept on Truckin', Helping Build Modern America". Investors.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2013. Retrieved March 28, 2011.
  2. ^ Risko, Karin (2018). A History Lover's Guide to Detroit. Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4671-3567-2.
  3. ^ "Bus Toilets / Toilets of the World". toilet-guru.com. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
  4. ^ "New Prevost features to be showc". Prevost-stuff.com. December 22, 2006. Retrieved March 28, 2011.

 

 

Tours is located in Centre-Val de Loire
Tours
Tours
 
Tours
Medieval buildings on Place Plumereau
Pont Wilson over the Loire
Prébendes d'Oé garden
Flag of Tours
Coat of arms of Tours
Location of Tours
Map
Tours is located in France
Tours
Tours
 

Coordinates: 47°23′37″N 0°41′21″E / 47.393611°N 0.689167°E / 47.393611; 0.689167CountryFranceRegionCentre-Val de LoireDepartmentIndre-et-LoireArrondissementToursCantonTours-1
Tours-2
Tours-3
Tours-4
IntercommunalityTours Métropole Val de LoireGovernment

 

 • Mayor (2020–2026) Emmanuel Denis[1] (The Greens)

Area
1

34.7 km2 (13.4 sq mi) • Urban

 (2018)

684.9 km2 (264.4 sq mi) • Metro

 (2018)

3,631.6 km2 (1,402.2 sq mi)Population

 (2022)[2]

138,668 • Rank26th in France • Density4,000/km2 (10,000/sq mi) • Urban

 (2018)

359,992 • Urban density530/km2 (1,400/sq mi) • Metro

 (2018)

516,973 • Metro density140/km2 (370/sq mi)Demonym(s)Tourangeau (masculine)
Tourangelle (feminine)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code

37261 /37000, 37100, 37200

Elevation44–119 m (144–390 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Tours (/tʊər/ TOOR; French: [tuʁ] ⓘ) is the largest city in the region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. It is the prefecture of the department of Indre-et-Loire. The commune of Tours had 136,463 inhabitants as of 2018 while the population of the whole metropolitan area was 516,973.[3]

Tours sits on the lower reaches of the Loire, between Orléans and the Atlantic coast. Formerly named Caesarodunum by its founder, Roman Emperor Augustus, it possesses one of the largest amphitheaters of the Roman Empire, the Tours Amphitheatre. Known for the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, it is a National Sanctuary with connections to the Merovingians and the Carolingians, with the Capetians making the kingdom's currency the Livre tournois. Saint Martin and Gregory of Tours were from Tours. Tours was once part of Touraine, a former province of France. Tours was the first city of the silk industry. It was taken by Louis XI, as the royal capital under the Valois Kings with its Loire castles and city of art with the School of Tours. The prefecture was partially destroyed during the French Wars of Religion in the late 16th century and again during the Second World War in June 1940.

The White and Blue city keeps a historical center registered in the UNESCO, and is home to the Vieux-Tours, a patrimonial site. The garden city has a green heritage and an urban landscape strongly influenced by its natural space. The historic city that is nicknamed "Le Petit Paris" and its region by its history and culture has always been a land of birth or host to many personalities, international sporting events, and is a university city with more than 30,000 students in 2019. Tours is a popular culinary city with specialties such as: rillettes, rillons, Touraine vineyards, AOC Sainte-Maure-de-Touraine cheeses and nougats. The city is also the end-point of the annual Paris–Tours cycle race.

Etymology

[edit]

A popular folk etymology of the word "Tours" is that it comes from Turonus, the nephew of Brutus. Turonus died in a war between Corineus and the king of Aquitaine, Goffarius Pictus, provoked by Corineus hunting in the king's forests without permission. It is said that Turonus was buried in Tours and the city is founded around his grave.[4]

History

[edit]

In Gallic times, Tours was an important crossing point over the Loire. It became part of the Roman Empire during the 1st century AD, and the city was named Caesarodunum ("hill of Caesar"). The name evolved in the 4th century when the original Gallic name, Turones, became Civitas Turonum and then Tours. It was at this time that the Tours Amphitheatre was built.

Tours became a metropolis in the Roman province of Lugdunum towards 380–388 AD, dominating Maine, Brittany, and the Loire Valley. One important figure in the city was Saint Martin of Tours, a bishop who shared his coat with a naked beggar in Amiens. The importance of Martin in the medieval Christian West made Tours, and its position on the route of pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela, a major centre during the Middle Ages.

Middle Ages

[edit]

In the 6th century, Gregory of Tours, author of the Ten Books of History, restored a cathedral destroyed by a fire in 561. Saint Martin's monastery benefited from its inception, at the very start of the 6th century from patronage and support from the Frankish king, Clovis I, which increased considerably the influence of the saint, the abbey and the city in Gaul. In the 9th century, Tours was at the heart of the Carolingian Renaissance, in particular because of Alcuin, of York in Northumbria, a renowned book collector and an abbot of Marmoutier Abbey.

In 732, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi and an army of Muslim horsemen from Al-Andalus advanced 500 kilometres (300 miles) deep into France, and were stopped at Moussais-la-Bataille[5] (between Châtellerault and Poitiers) by Charles Martel and his infantry. This ignited the Battle of Tours. The Muslim army was defeated, preventing an Islamic conquest of France.

In 845, Tours repelled the first attack of the Viking chief Haesten. In 850, the Vikings settled at the mouths of the Seine and the Loire. Still led by Haesten, they went up the Loire again in 852 and sacked Angers, Tours and Marmoutier Abbey.

During the Middle Ages, Tours consisted of two juxtaposed and competing centres. The "City" in the east, successor of the late Roman 'castrum', was composed of the cathedral and palace of the archbishops as well as the castle of Tours. The castle of Tours acted as a seat of the authority of the Counts of Tours (later Counts of Anjou) and the King of France. In the west, the "new city" structured around the Abbey of Saint Martin was freed from the control of the city during the 10th century (an enclosure was built towards 918) and became "Châteauneuf". This space, organized between Saint Martin and the Loire, became the economic centre of Tours. Between these two centres were Varennes, vineyards and fields, little occupied except for the Abbaye Saint-Julien established on the banks of the Loire. The two centres were linked during the 14th century.

Place Plumereau, Medieval buildings

Tours became the capital of the county of Tours or Touraine, a territory bitterly disputed between the counts of Blois and Anjou – the latter were victorious in the 11th century. It was the capital of France at the time of Louis XI, who had settled in the castle of Montils (today the castle of Plessis-les-Tours, at the junction of the Loire and the Indre rivers). Tours and Touraine remained a permanent residence of the kings and court until the 16th century. The Renaissance gave Tours and Touraine many private mansions and castles, joined to some extent under the generic name of the Châteaux of the Loire. It is also at the time of Louis XI that the silk industry was introduced – despite difficulties, the industry still survives to this day.

16th–18th centuries

[edit]

Charles IX passed through the city at the time of his royal tour of France between 1564 and 1566, accompanied by the Court and various noblemen: his brother the Duke of Anjou, Henri de Navarre, the cardinals of Bourbon and Lorraine. At this time, the Catholics returned to power in Angers: the attendant assumed the right to nominate the aldermen. The Massacre of Saint-Barthelemy was not repeated at Tours. The Protestants were imprisoned by the aldermen – a measure which prevented their extermination. The permanent return of the Court to Paris and then Versailles marked the beginning of a slow but permanent decline. Guillaume the Metayer (1763–1798), known as Rochambeau, the well-known counter-revolutionary chief of Mayenne, was shot in Tours.

19th to 20th centuries

[edit]

The arrival of the railway in the 19th century saved the city by making it an important nodal point. The main railway station is known as Tours-Saint-Pierre-des-Corps. At that time, Tours was expanding towards the south into a district known as the Prébendes. The importance of the city as a centre of communications contributed to its revival and, as the 20th century progressed, Tours became a dynamic conurbation, economically oriented towards the service sector.

First World War

[edit]
Tours Cathedral: 15th-century Flamboyant Gothic west front with Renaissance pinnacles, completed 1547.

The city was greatly affected by the First World War. A force of 25,000 American soldiers arrived in 1917, setting up textile factories for the manufacture of uniforms, repair shops for military equipment, munitions dumps, an army post office and an American military hospital at Augustins. Because of this, Tours became a garrison town with a resident general staff. The American presence is remembered today by the Woodrow Wilson Bridge over the Loire, which was officially opened in July 1918 and bears the name of the President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. Three American air force squadrons, including the 492nd, were based at the Parçay-Meslay airfield, their personnel playing an active part in the life of the city. Americans paraded at funerals and award ceremonies for the Croix de Guerre. They also took part in festivals and their YMCA organised shows for the troops. Some men married women from Tours.

Inter-war years

[edit]

In 1920, the city hosted the Congress of Tours, which saw the creation of the French Communist Party. One future consequence of that congress was the presence of Ho Chi Minh, the Vietnamese nationalist, who became one of the first members of the party.

Second World War

[edit]

Tours was also marked by the Second World War, as the city suffered massive destruction in 1940. For four years it was a city of military camps and fortifications. From 10 to 13 June 1940, Tours was the temporary seat of the French government before its move to Bordeaux.

German incendiary bombs caused a huge fire, which blazed out of control from 20 to 22 June and destroyed part of the city centre. Some architectural masterpieces of the 16th and 17th centuries were lost, as was the monumental entry to the city. The Wilson Bridge, which carried a water main that supplied the city, was dynamited to slow the progress of the German advance. With the water main severed, nobody could extinguish the inferno. That made inhabitants have no option but to flee to safety. More heavy air raids by Allied forces devastated the area around the railway station in 1944, causing several hundred deaths.

Post-war developments

[edit]

A plan for the rebuilding of the central area drawn up by the local architect Camille Lefèvre had been adopted even before the end of the war. The plan was for 20 small quadrangular blocks of housing to be arranged around the main road (la rue Nationale), which was widened. This regular layout attempted to echo but simplify the 18th-century architecture. Pierre Patout succeeded Lefèvre as the architect in charge of rebuilding in 1945. At one time, there was talk of demolishing the southern side of the rue Nationale to make it in keeping with the new development.

The recent history of Tours is marked by the personality of Jean Royer, who was mayor for 36 years and helped save the old town from demolition by establishing one of the first Conservation Areas. This example of conservation policy would later inspire the Malraux Law for the safeguarding of historic city centres. In the 1970s, Jean Royer also extended the city to the south by diverting the course of the Cher River to create the districts of Rives du Cher and des Fontaines. At the time, it was one of the largest urban developments in Europe. In 1970, the François Rabelais University was founded and centred on the bank of the Loire in the downtown area, not, as was the current practice, in a campus in the suburbs. The latter solution was also chosen by the twin university of Orleans. Royer's long term as mayor was, however, not without controversy, as is exemplified by the construction of the practical but aesthetically unattractive motorway, which runs along the bed of a former canal just 1,500 metres (4,900 feet) from the cathedral. Another bone of contention was the original Vinci Congress Centre by Jean Nouvel. The project incurred debts although it at least made Tours one of France's principal conference centres.

Jean Germain, a member of the Socialist Party, became mayor in 1995 and made debt reduction his priority. Ten years later, his economic management was regarded as much wiser than that of his predecessor because of the financial stability of the city returning. However, his achievements were criticised by the municipal opposition for a lack of ambition. There were no large building projects instituted under his two terms. That position is disputed by those in power, who affirm their policy of concentrating on the quality of life, as evidenced by urban restoration, the development of public transport and cultural activities.

Climate

[edit]

Tours has an oceanic climate that is very mild for such a northern latitude. Summers are influenced by its inland position, resulting in frequent days of 25 °C (77 °F) or warmer, whereas winters are kept mild by Atlantic air masses. The entire valley between Orlans and Angers is famous for the luminosity of its air and for its fabulous châteaux, most of them Renaissance (over 600 between Orlans and Angers).

Climate data for Tours (1991–2020 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.9
(62.4)
22.1
(71.8)
25.3
(77.5)
29.2
(84.6)
31.8
(89.2)
39.1
(102.4)
40.8
(105.4)
39.8
(103.6)
35.5
(95.9)
31.1
(88.0)
22.3
(72.1)
18.5
(65.3)
40.8
(105.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.7
(45.9)
9.0
(48.2)
12.9
(55.2)
16.0
(60.8)
19.6
(67.3)
23.4
(74.1)
25.9
(78.6)
26.0
(78.8)
22.1
(71.8)
17.0
(62.6)
11.4
(52.5)
8.1
(46.6)
16.6
(61.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2)
5.6
(42.1)
8.6
(47.5)
11.0
(51.8)
14.5
(58.1)
18.0
(64.4)
20.2
(68.4)
20.2
(68.4)
16.8
(62.2)
13.0
(55.4)
8.3
(46.9)
5.5
(41.9)
12.2
(54.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.5
(36.5)
2.3
(36.1)
4.3
(39.7)
6.0
(42.8)
9.4
(48.9)
12.6
(54.7)
14.4
(57.9)
14.3
(57.7)
11.4
(52.5)
9.0
(48.2)
5.3
(41.5)
2.9
(37.2)
7.9
(46.2)
Record low °C (°F) −17.4
(0.7)
−14.2
(6.4)
−10.3
(13.5)
−3.4
(25.9)
−0.6
(30.9)
2.6
(36.7)
4.3
(39.7)
4.8
(40.6)
0.9
(33.6)
−2.3
(27.9)
−7.1
(19.2)
−18.5
(−1.3)
−18.5
(−1.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 63.0
(2.48)
52.4
(2.06)
48.7
(1.92)
53.0
(2.09)
57.7
(2.27)
53.2
(2.09)
46.6
(1.83)
44.0
(1.73)
51.8
(2.04)
66.0
(2.60)
69.3
(2.73)
72.1
(2.84)
677.8
(26.69)
Average precipitation days 11.0 9.8 9.3 8.9 9.0 7.6 6.7 6.6 7.5 9.8 11.4 11.5 109.0
Average snowy days 2.4 2.9 1.8 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.7 10.6
Average relative humidity (%) 87 84 79 74 77 75 72 73 77 84 87 89 79.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 68.4 95.2 148.8 187.3 214.2 228.5 247.1 237.7 191.3 122.9 78.9 64.6 1,884.8
Source 1: Météo France[6][7]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[8]

Sights

[edit]
Hôtel de Ville, Place Jean Jaurès
St Gatien Cathedral, from Rue Lavoisier, just north of the Rue Colbert intersection.
Pont Wilson

Cathedral

[edit]

The Cathedral of Tours, dedicated to Saint Gatien, its canonized first bishop, was begun about 1170 to replace the cathedral that was burnt out in 1166 during the dispute between Louis VII of France and Henry II of England. The lowermost stages of the western towers belong to the 12th century, but the rest of the west end is in the profusely detailed 15th-century Flamboyant Gothic, which were completed just as the Renaissance was affecting the patrons who planned the châteaux of Touraine. The towers were being constructed at the same time as, for example, the Château de Chenonceau.

When the 15th-century illuminator Jean Fouquet was set the task of illuminating Josephus's Jewish Antiquities, his depiction of Solomon's Temple was modelled on the nearly complete cathedral of Tours. The atmosphere of the Gothic cathedral close permeates Honoré de Balzac's dark short novel of jealousy and provincial intrigues, Le Curé de Tours (The Curate of Tours) and his medieval story Maître Cornélius opens in the cathedral itself.

Other points of interest

[edit]

Language

[edit]

Before the French Revolution, the inhabitants of Tours (Les Tourangeaux) were known for speaking the "purest" form of French in the entire country.[9] The pronunciation of Touraine was traditionally regarded as the most standard pronunciation of the French language, until the 19th century when the standard pronunciation of French shifted to that of the Parisian bourgeoisie.[10] That is explained by the fact that the court of France lived in Touraine between 1430 and 1530. French, the language of the court, had become the official language of the entire kingdom.

A Council of Tours in 813 decided that priests should preach sermons in different languages because the common people could no longer understand classical Latin. This was the first official recognition of an early French language distinct from Latin, and can be considered as the birth of French.

The Ordinance of Montils-lès-Tours, promulgated by Charles VII in 1454, made it mandatory to write laws and oral customs in the native language of the area.

An ordinance of Charles VIII (born in Amboise, near Tours) in 1490 and one of Louis XII (born in Blois, near Tours) in 1510 broaden the scope of the ordinance of Charles VII.

Finally, the Ordinance of Villers-Cotterêts, signed into law by Francis I in 1539, called for the use of French in all legal acts, notarized contracts and official legislation to avoid any linguistic confusion.

Gregory of Tours wrote in the 6th century that some people in the area could still speak Gaulish.

City

[edit]
Pont Wilson crosses the river Loire at the old civic core

The city has a population of 140,000 and is called "Le Jardin de la France" ("The Garden of France"). There are several parks located within the city. Tours is located between two rivers, the Loire to the north and the Cher to the south. The buildings of Tours are white with blue slate (called Ardoise) roofs; this style is common in the north of France, while most buildings in the south of France have terracotta roofs.

Tours is famous for its original medieval district, called le Vieux Tours. Unique to the Old City are its preserved half-timbered buildings and la Place Plumereau, a square with busy pubs and restaurants, whose open-air tables fill the centre of the square. The Boulevard Beranger crosses the Rue Nationale at the Place Jean-Jaures and is the location of weekly markets and fairs.

Tours is famous for its many bridges crossing the river Loire. One of them, Wilson Bridge, collapsed in 1978 but was rebuilt.

In the garden of the ancient Palais des Archevêques (now Musée des Beaux-Arts) is a huge cedar tree said to have been planted by Napoleon.[11] The garden also has a stuffed elephant named Fritz. He escaped from the Barnum and Bailey circus during their stay in Tours in 1902. He went mad and had to be shot down, but the city paid to honor him, and he was taxidermied as a result.

Tours is home to University of Tours (formerly known as University François Rabelais of Tours), the site of one of the most important choral competitions, called Florilège Vocal de Tours International Choir Competition, and is a member city of the European Grand Prix for Choral Singing.

Population

[edit]

The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Tours proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of Tours absorbed the former commune of Saint-Étienne in 1845 and Sainte-Radegonde-en-Touraine and Saint-Symphorien in 1964.[12]

Historical population
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1793 21,000 —    
1800 20,240 −0.53%
1806 21,703 +1.17%
1821 21,928 +0.07%
1831 23,235 +0.58%
1836 26,669 +2.80%
1841 30,072 +2.43%
1846 30,766 +0.46%
1851 33,530 +1.74%
1856 38,055 +2.56%
1861 41,061 +1.53%
1866 42,450 +0.67%
1872 43,368 +0.36%
1876 48,325 +2.74%
1881 52,209 +1.56%
1886 59,585 +2.68%
1891 60,335 +0.25%
1896 63,267 +0.95%
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1901 64,695 +0.45%
1906 67,601 +0.88%
1911 73,398 +1.66%
1921 75,096 +0.23%
1926 77,192 +0.55%
1931 78,585 +0.36%
1936 83,753 +1.28%
1946 80,044 −0.45%
1954 83,618 +0.55%
1962 92,944 +1.33%
1968 128,120 +5.50%
1975 140,686 +1.35%
1982 132,209 −0.88%
1990 129,509 −0.26%
1999 132,820 +0.28%
2007 136,578 +0.35%
2012 134,978 −0.24%
2017 135,787 +0.12%
 
Source: EHESS[12] and INSEE (1968–2017)[13]

Transportation

[edit]
Tram model, design by the French agency RCP Design Global

Today, with extensive rail (including TGV) and autoroute connections linking to the rest of the country, Tours is a jumping-off point for tourist visits to the Loire Valley and the royal châteaux.

Tours is on one of the main lines of the TGV. It is possible to travel to the west coast of Bordeaux in an hour and forty minutes. From there, the line follows the Mediterranean coast via Avignon, and then to Spain and Barcelona. There are also lines to Lyon, Strasbourg and Lille. It takes less than one hour by train to get from Tours to Paris by TGV and one and a half hours to get to Charles de Gaulle Airport. Tours has two main stations: Gare de Tours, the central station, and Gare de Saint-Pierre-des-Corps, used by trains that do not terminate in Tours.

Tours Loire Valley Airport connects the Loire Valley to European cities.

Historically, Tours was served by trams and trolleybuses, the trolleybus system lasting from 1949 to 1968. Tram service returned to the city in 2013, when a new tram system began operation. Twenty-one Alstom Citadis trams were ordered.[14]

There is also a bus service, the main central stop being Jean Jaurès, next to the Hôtel de Ville, and rue Nationale, the high street of Tours. The tram and bus networks are operated by Fil Bleu and they share a ticketing system. A second tram line is scheduled for 2025.[15]

Sport

[edit]

The city's football team, Tours FC, currently play in Championnat National 3, the fifth level of French football. They also have a second team, CCSP Tours. CCSP's home stadium is the Stade des Tourettes and they play in the Division d'Honneur Regionale de Centre, the seventh tier of the French football league system.[citation needed]

Tours has served as the finish location for Paris–Tours, a one-day road cycling classic race held almost every October since 1896.[16]

Tours also has a volleyball club named the Tours VB.

Catholics from Tours

[edit]
Venerable Leo Dupont, Holy Man of Tours

Tours is a special place for Catholics who follow the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus and the adoration of the Blessed Sacrament. In 1843, Sister Marie of St Peter of Tours reported a vision which started the devotion to the Holy Face of Jesus, in reparation for the many insults Christ suffered in His Passion. The Golden Arrow Prayer was first made public by her.

The Venerable Leo Dupont also known as The Holy Man of Tours lived in Tours at about the same time. In 1849 he started the nightly adoration of the Blessed Sacrament, which spread throughout France. Upon hearing of Sister Marie of St Peter's reported visions, he started to burn a vigil lamp continuously before a picture of the Holy Face of Jesus. The devotion was eventually approved by Pope Pius XII in 1958 and he formally declared the Feast of the Holy Face of Jesus as Shrove Tuesday (the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday) for all Roman Catholics.[17] The Oratory of the Holy Face on Rue St. Etienne in Tours receives many pilgrims every year.

Tours was the site of the episcopal activity of St. Martin of Tours and has further Christian connotations in that the pivotal Battle of Tours in 732 is often considered the first decisive victory over the invading Islamic forces, turning the tide against them. The battle also helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire.[18]

Notable people

[edit]
Louise de la Vallière, 17th.C
General Régis de Trobriand, 1865

Public service

[edit]

Arts

[edit]
Jean Fouquet self portrait, ca.1450
Philippe Néricault Destouches, 1741
statue of Honoré de Balzac

Science and business

[edit]
Gabriel Lamé

Sport

[edit]
Pascal Hervé, 2000

Twin towns — sister cities

[edit]

Tours is twinned with:[28]

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
  2. ^ "Populations de référence 2022" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 19 December 2024.
  3. ^ "Comparateur de territoire". INSEE. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  4. ^ Historia Brittonum 7, 10–11
  5. ^ The Andalusian History, from the Islamic conquest till the fall of Granada 92–897 A.H. (711–1492 C.E.), by Professor AbdurRahman Ali El-Hajji, a professor of the Islamic history at Baghdad University, published in Dar Al-Qalam, in Damascus, and in Beirut. "Second Edition". p. 194
  6. ^ "Données climatiques de la station de Tours" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  7. ^ "TOURS (37)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1991–2020 et records (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  8. ^ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Tours – St Symphorien (37) – altitude 112m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  9. ^ "Tours, France". Meet Minneapolis. 2012. Archived from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  10. ^ de Montvalon, Jean-Baptiste. "Philippe Boula de Mareüil : « Les accents participent à la richesse de notre langue". Le Monde (in French). Paris. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  11. ^ "City summary: Tours". us.media.france.fr.
  12. ^ a b Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Tours, EHESS (in French).
  13. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  14. ^ "Tours selects Citadis and APS". Railway Gazette International. London. 14 September 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2010.
  15. ^ "Tramway de Tours – Le Tram de Tours". letramdetours.net.
  16. ^ "City tourism: Tours". Paris–Tours. Amaury Sport Organisation. Retrieved 7 October 2021.
  17. ^ Dorothy Scallan. "The Holy Man of Tours." (1990) ISBN 0-89555-390-2
  18. ^ Davis, Paul K. (1999) "100 Decisive Battles From Ancient Times to the Present" ISBN 0-19-514366-3
  19. ^ "Berengarius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 768–769.
  20. ^ "La Vallière, Louise Françoise de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 290–291.
  21. ^ "Viollet, Paul Marie" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 107.
  22. ^ "Foucquet, Jean" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 737.
  23. ^ Williamson, George Charles (1911). "Clouet, François" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 559–560.
  24. ^ "Destouches, Philippe" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 104.
  25. ^ "Dutens, Louis" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 736.
  26. ^ "Bouilly, Jean Nicolas" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 318.
  27. ^ Saintsbury, George (1911). "Balzac, Honoré de" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 298–301.
  28. ^ "Jumelages et partenariats". tours.fr (in French). Tours. Retrieved 16 November 2019.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]

 

Frequently Asked Questions

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